英語語法專業(yè)術(shù)語？1、語法 Grammar 2、結(jié)構(gòu) structure 句子 sentence 從句 clause 詞組 phrase 3、詞性 part of speech 單詞 word 4、名詞 Noun 5、專有名詞 proper noun 普通名詞 common noun 可數(shù)名詞 countable noun 6、那么，英語語法專業(yè)術(shù)語？一起來了解一下吧。
1.
高中英語的新語法術(shù)語很多，這里先解釋一下你提到的兩個(gè)術(shù)語：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，是用來說明情況或狀態(tài)
(而不是動(dòng)作)
的動(dòng)詞，我們把“情況和狀態(tài)”簡稱為“情態(tài)”。例如
can,
may,
must,
ought
to,
have
to,
shall,
will,
should,
would
等。伴隨狀語指分詞或獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，這個(gè)狀語也表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作，但是與主要?jiǎng)幼飨啾绕饋盹@得次要一些，就稱之為“伴隨”動(dòng)作，即伴隨狀語。例如
Sitting
in
a
large
sofa,
he
watched
TV
for
two
hours.
他坐在大沙發(fā)上看了兩個(gè)小時(shí)電視。他一邊坐一邊看，但是“看電視”是主要?jiǎng)幼鳎白诖笊嘲l(fā)上”則是次要?jiǎng)幼鳎窗殡S狀語。
2.
高中英語的課時(shí)很緊，老師不可能把每個(gè)術(shù)語講解得很細(xì)，需要自己預(yù)習(xí)，不僅是預(yù)習(xí)課本內(nèi)容，還要在課前看語法書，這樣就比較容易聽懂。推薦把鐘邦清的《英語實(shí)用語法大全》作為預(yù)習(xí)用的工具書，該書通俗易懂，講解詳細(xì)，例句很多，每個(gè)例句都有中文翻譯。應(yīng)付高考和大學(xué)四六級(jí)都?jí)蛴谩Ｈ缒阈枰摃?qǐng)發(fā)郵件至：zhoushihong_cool@163.com
我可為你郵寄。
一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。 2.時(shí)間狀語： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays, 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞 原形 （如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式） 4.否定形式：主語+am/is/are +not+其他; 此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加don't, 如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。 6.例句：It seldom snows here.這里很少下雪。 He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于幫助別人。
二、 一般過去時(shí)
1.概念：過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。 2.時(shí)間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+動(dòng)詞或be的過去時(shí)+名詞 4.否定形式：主語+was/were +not+其他;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
英語語法是針對(duì)英語語言的語法進(jìn)行的研究，指英語中語言的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律。包括詞法和句法。英語的語法既可以是規(guī)范性的，也可以是描述性的。
一、實(shí)詞
1.名詞（nouns）n.： 名詞是詞性的一種，也是實(shí)詞的一種，是指代人、物、事、時(shí)、地、情感、概念等實(shí)體或抽象事物的詞。名詞可以獨(dú)立成句。在短語或句子中通常可以用代詞來替代。名詞可以分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞(Common Nouns），專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等，專有名詞的首字母要大寫。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。 2.代詞（pronoun）pron.： 代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞九種。 3.數(shù)詞（numeral）Num.： 表示“多少”和“第幾”的詞，叫數(shù)詞。其用法相當(dāng)于名詞或者形容詞。數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。 4.形容詞（adjective）adj.或a.： 很多語言中均有的主要詞類中的一種。
語法 Grammar
結(jié)構(gòu) structure 句子 sentence 從句 clause 詞組 phrase
詞性 part of speech 單詞 word
名詞 Noun
專有名詞 proper noun 普通名詞 common noun 可數(shù)名詞 countable noun
不可數(shù)名詞 uncountable noun 抽象名詞 abstract noun 具體名詞 concrete noun 物質(zhì)名詞 material noun 集體名詞 collective noun 個(gè)體名詞individual noun 介詞 preposition 連詞 conjunction
動(dòng)詞 Verb
及物動(dòng)詞 transitive verb 不及物動(dòng)詞 intransitive verb 系動(dòng)詞 link verb
助動(dòng)詞 auxiliary verb 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 modal verb 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 notional verb
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 regular verb
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 irregular verb 使役動(dòng)詞 causative verb 感官動(dòng)詞 verb of senses 動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞 event verb 靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞 state verb 感嘆詞 exclamation 形容詞 adjective
副詞 Adverb
疑問副詞 interrogative adverb 關(guān)系副詞 relative adverb
代詞 Pronoun
人稱代詞 personal pronoun 物主代詞 possessive pronoun 反身代詞 reflexive pronoun 相互代詞 reciprocal pronoun
指示代詞 demonstrative pronoun 疑問代詞 interrogative pronoun 關(guān)系代詞 relative pronoun 不定代詞 indefinite pronoun 物主代詞 possessive pronoun 名詞性物主代詞
nominal possessive pronoun 形容詞性物主代詞
adjectival possessive pronoun
冠詞 Article
定冠詞 definite article 不定冠詞 indefinite article
數(shù)詞 Numeral
基數(shù)詞 cardinal numeral 序數(shù)詞 ordinal numeral 分?jǐn)?shù)詞 fractional numeral 形式 form
單數(shù)形式 singular form 復(fù)數(shù)形式 plural form 原形 base form
句子成分
Members of sentences
基本句型 basic sentence pattern 主語 subject 謂語 predicate
賓語 object
復(fù)合賓語 complex object 同源賓語 cognate object 補(bǔ)語 complement
賓補(bǔ) object complement 表語 predicative 定語 attribute 同位語 appositive 狀語 adverbial
句子 Sentence
簡單句 simple sentence 并列句 compound sentence 復(fù)合句 complex sentence 并列復(fù)合句
compound complex sentence 陳述句 declarative sentence 疑問句 interrogative sentence 一般疑問句 general question 特殊疑問句 special question 選擇疑問句 alternative question 反義疑問句 disjunctive question 存在句 existential sentence 肯定句 positive sentence 否定句 negative sentence 祈使句 imperative sentence 省略句 elliptical sentence
感嘆句 exclamatory sentence
從句 Clause
從屬句 subordinate clause 并列句 coordinate clause 名詞從句 nominal clause 定語從句 attributive clause 狀語從句 adverbial clause 賓語從句 object clause 主語從句 subject clause 同位語從句 appositive clause 真實(shí)條件狀語從句
adverbial clause of real condition 非真實(shí)條件狀語從句
adverbial clause of unreal condition
句法關(guān)系
句法Syntactic relationship
并列coordinate 從屬 subordination
修飾 modification
前置修飾 pre-modification 后置修飾 post-modification 限制 restriction
雙重限制 double-restriction 非限制 non-restriction
數(shù) Number
單數(shù)形式 singular form 復(fù)數(shù)形式 plural form 規(guī)則形式 regular form 不規(guī)則形式 irregular form
格 case
所有格 possessive case 主格 nominative case 賓格 objective case
人稱 person
第一人稱 first person 第二人稱 second person 第三人稱 third person
時(shí)態(tài) Tense
過去將來時(shí) past future tense 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) present simple tense 一般過去時(shí) past simple tense 一般將來時(shí) future simple tense 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) past perfect tense 過去完成時(shí) present perfect tense 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
present continuous tense
過去進(jìn)行時(shí) past continuous tense 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) future continuous tense
語態(tài) Voice
主動(dòng)語態(tài) active voice 被動(dòng)語態(tài) passive voice
語氣 Mood
陳述語氣 indicative mood 祈使語氣 imperative mood 虛擬語氣 subjunctive mood
否定Negation
否定范圍 scope of negation 全部否定 full negation 局部否 partial negation 轉(zhuǎn)移否定 shift of negation
一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況. 2.時(shí)間狀語： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays, 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞 原形 （如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式） 4.否定形式：主語+am/is/are +not+其他; 此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加don't, 如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞. 5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞. 6.例句：It seldom snows here.這里很少下雪. He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于幫助別人.
二、 一般過去時(shí)
1.概念：過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為. 2.時(shí)間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+動(dòng)詞或be的過去時(shí)+名詞 4.否定形式：主語+was/were +not+其他;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞. 5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞. 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.那些天她經(jīng)常來幫助我們.
三、 一般將來時(shí)
1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事. 2.時(shí)間狀語：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+am/is/are +going to + do+其它；主語+will/shall + do+其它 4.否定形式：主語+am/is/are not going to do ；主語+will/shall not do+其它 5.一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首. 6.例句： It is going to rain.天要下雨了.
四、 一般過去將來時(shí)
1.概念：立足于過去某一時(shí)刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中. 2.時(shí)間狀語：The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+was/were +going to + do+其它；主語+would/should + do+其它 4.否定形式：主語+was/were+not + going to + do; 主語+would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首. 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他說他第二天要去北京.
五、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為. 2.時(shí)間狀語：Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be +doing +其它 4.否定形式：主語+be +not +doing+其它 5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首. 6.例句：How are you feeling today?你今天感覺如何?
六、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念：表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作. 2.時(shí)間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu) 主語+was/were +doing +其它 4.否定形式：主語+was/were + not +doing+其它 5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首.(第一個(gè)字母大寫） 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段時(shí)間她在人民解放軍部隊(duì)工作.
七、 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.概念：表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,或表示要在將來某一時(shí)間開始,并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作.常用來表示詢問、請(qǐng)求等. 2.時(shí)間狀語：Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+shall/will + be +現(xiàn)在分詞+其它 4.否定形式：主語+shall/will + not + be +現(xiàn)在分詞+其它 5.例句：He won’t be coming to the party.他不去參加聚會(huì)了.
八、 過去完成時(shí)
1.概念：以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”. 2.時(shí)間狀語：Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+had + p.p（過去分詞）+其它 4.否定形式：主語+had + not +p.p（過去分詞）+其它 5.一般疑問句：had放于句首. 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.當(dāng)我們到車站的時(shí)候,火車已經(jīng)開走了.
二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用得比漢語要多,要普遍,許多課本及考試乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個(gè)問題.一般說來,當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,不必說出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時(shí),多用被動(dòng)式.須注意的是,許多地方與漢語不同.注意那些漢語中沒有"被……"的意思,英語卻應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)態(tài).還要注意,英語的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往由"by"引出,而有用介詞"by"的短語往往又不是被動(dòng)態(tài),而是系表結(jié)構(gòu).還有些特殊現(xiàn)象,如：known to man(人類.所知),on foot步行(美國人有時(shí)用by foot),in carraige(乘四輪馬車)等等.還有假主動(dòng),真被動(dòng)的十幾個(gè)常用詞的用法,以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等習(xí)慣用法.有關(guān)這類情況,做到心中有數(shù)對(duì)全面掌握被動(dòng)態(tài),en211 準(zhǔn)確解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵,被動(dòng)態(tài)必須涉及的是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化的問題.英語的時(shí)態(tài)本來很復(fù)雜,怎樣記住各自的被動(dòng)形式呢? 首先要明確"將來進(jìn)行無被動(dòng),現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行同".這兩種時(shí)態(tài)無被動(dòng)形式. 另外,不及物動(dòng)詞帶有同源賓語的動(dòng)詞,反身代詞的動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞都無被動(dòng)形式.即便如此,還有不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞,以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))的被動(dòng)態(tài),再加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞以及它們的疑問式和否定式從中摻雜,真是令人頭痛,眼花繚亂.下面口訣就以動(dòng)詞do為例,即do did過去式done過去分詞,以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài),一定對(duì)你有所啟示. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子通常是以Be-Passive(即"be+過去分詞")的形式來表達(dá),但也可以Get-Passive(即"get+過去分詞")的形式來表達(dá),例如：He got punished today.著名學(xué)者周海中教授在論文《Get-Passive研究》中指出：Get-Passive是一種新興的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式；相對(duì)來說它的使用還沒有Be-Passive那么廣泛,一般限于口語和非正式書面語；但它卻有著用得愈來愈多的趨勢,是一種生氣蓬勃的語言現(xiàn)象. 如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或行為的執(zhí)行者時(shí),句子后面需接by～,譯為“被（由）……”. 1 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句型 肯定句：主語+be +過去分詞+（by～）. 否定句：主語+be not +過去分詞+（by～）. 一般疑問句：Be +主語+過去分詞+（by～）? 特殊疑問句：疑問詞+be +主語+過去分詞+（by～）? 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)是由be的時(shí)態(tài)決定的,be是什么時(shí)態(tài),全句就是什么時(shí)態(tài),be動(dòng)詞后面的過去分詞不變. 一、 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法： 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was/were + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital. The new road was being made. 7.過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：had + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. The tickets had been sold out berore I came to the cinema. 8.將來完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：shall/will + have done They will have been married for 20 years by then. The project will have been completed before May. 9.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 二、 怎樣把主動(dòng)語態(tài)改成被動(dòng)語態(tài)? 把主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)非常簡單,可以遵循以下幾個(gè)步驟： 1. 先找出謂語動(dòng)詞； 2. 再找出謂語動(dòng)詞后的賓語； 3. 把賓語用作被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語； 4. 注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化. 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題： 1. 不及物動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài). What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義. This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式,主動(dòng)語態(tài)中不帶to ,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),須加上to . 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),直接賓語(物)作主語,那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞,這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定. He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些動(dòng)詞短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),動(dòng)詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞. We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
以上就是英語語法專業(yè)術(shù)語的全部內(nèi)容，Wh-詞包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外,還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語、賓語補(bǔ)語和間接賓語等。
